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白華脂(萃取液)

白華脂(萃取液),食品級

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白華脂(萃取液)


SYNONYMS

3β-Hydroxy-20(29)-lupaene-28-oic acid

3aH-Cyclopenta[ ]chrysene,
Lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid deriv.;
Lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid,
3 -hydroxy-(8C1); Mairin (6C1, 7C1);
3 -hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid;
Betulic acid; Betulinic acid

PRODUCT LINE

Cancer Research

PRODUCT FAMILIES

Antitumor Agents (Apoptosis Inducers)

FORMULA:

C30H48O3

MW:

456.7

CAS NUMBER:

472-15-1

SOURCE/HOST:

Isolated from Platanus acerifolia (plane) tree bark.

APPEARANCE:

White to off-white powder.

SOLUBILITY:

Soluble in DMSO.

SHIPPING:

AMBIENT

LONG TERM STORAGE:

+4C

HANDLING:

Keep cool and dry.

HAZARD:

MAY CAUSE IRRITATION.


Product Description

Antitumor and anti-HIV agent. Induces apoptosis by activating mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Betulinic acid is an inhibitor of NF-κB activation and NF-κB-regulated gene expression induced by carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli.


Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring triterpene originally extracted from the bark of an African tree, Ziziphus mauritiana lam (Rhamnaceae) possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, and anti-inflammatory properties [1]. It was later found in the bark of the common white birch. Unlike some other natural product antitumor agents (e. g. taxol), sourcing is not a problem because betulin is a major component of the bark of the white birch tree and this can readily be converted to betulinic acid . Also it was isolated from various plants as Trifillum peltatum, Ancistocladuis heyeneaus, Diospyros leucomelas, Tetracera boliviana, Sizigium formosanum , Chaenomeles sinensis , Pulsatilla chinensis .

In 1995, betulinic acid was reported as a selective inhibitor of human melanoma. Then it was demonstrated, that betulinic acid induces apoptosis in human melanoma in vitro and in vivo model systems. Currently it is undergoing development with assistance from the Rapid Access to Intervention in Development program of the National Cancer Institute. Also betulinic acid was found active against neuroectodermal (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma) and malignant brain tumors, ovarian carcinoma, in human leukemia HL-60 cells, malignant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma SCC25 and SCC9 cell lines. In contrast, epithelial tumors, such as breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma as well as

T-cell leukemia cells were completely refractory to treatment with betulinic acid. Regarding the mode of action of betulinic acid little is known about its antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms. In neuroectodermal tumor cells betulinic acid –induced apoptosis is accompanied by caspase activation, mitochondrial membrane alterations and DNA fragmentation. Caspases are produced as inactive proenzymes, which are proteolytically processed to their active forms.

These proteases can cooperate in proteolytic cascades, in which caspases activate themselves and each other. The initiation of the caspases cascade may lead to the activation of endonucleases like caspase-activated DNAase (CAD). After activation CAD contributes to DNA degradation. Betulinic acid induces apoptosis by direct effects on mitochondria, leading to cytochrome-c release, which in turn regulates the "downstream" caspase activation.

Betulinic acid bypasses resistance to CD95 and doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis, due to different molecular mechanism of betulinic acid-induced apoptosis. Controversial is a role of p53 in betulinic acid-induced apoptosis. Fulda (1997) suggested p53-independent mechanism of the apoptosis, basing on fact of no accumulation of wild-type p53 detected upon treatment with the betulinic acid, whereas wild-type p53 protein strongly increased after treatment with Doxorubicin.

The suggestion is supported by study of Raisova (2001). On the other hand Rieber (1998) suggested that betulinic acid exerts its inhibitory effect on human metastatic melanoma partly by increasing p53. The study also demonstrated preferential apoptotic effect of betulinic acid on C8161 metastatic melanoma cells, with greater DNA fragmentation and growth arrest and earlier loss of viability than their non-metastatic C8161/neo 6.3 counterpart.

Comparing the betulinic acid with other treatment modes, Zuco (2002) demonstrated that it was more than 10 times less potent than doxorubicin (IC50 4.5 μg/ml Vs IC50 0.21-034 μg/ml in doxorubicin) and showed an in vitro antiproliferative activity against melanoma and non-melanoma cell lines, including those resistant to doxorubicin. On the human normal dermatoblast cell line betulinic acid was 2-5 times less toxic than doxorubicin.

The ability of betulinic acid to induce two different effects (cytotoxic and cytostatic) on two clones derived from the same human melanoma metastasis suggests that the development of clones resistant to this agent will be more unlikely, than that to conventional cytotoxic drugs. Moreover in spite of the lower potency compared with doxorubicin betulinic acid seems to be selective for tumor cells with minimal toxicity against normal cells.

Betulinic acid has been shown to have potent anti-HIV activity with an EC50 of 1.4 µM and a therapeutic index of 9.3 (Lee et al., 1997) by a novel mechanism of action. It prevents entry of HIV into the target cell, but may also act at the maturation stage. Problems have been encountered, as betulinic acid is insoluble in many solvents. Derivatives of betulinic acid have been made and tested to circumvent this problem. Panacos Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, MA has a betulinic acid derivative

PA-457 or 3-O-(3’,3’-dimethylsuccinyl) betulinic acid] in clinical trials for HIV. PA-457 disrupts the late-stage viral maturation processes of HIV’s gag protein. The gag protein forms the capsid shell around a retrovirus’ RNA and establishes a viral core structure. Treatment with PA-457 causes this core structure to be defective and non-infectious. Betulinic acid and its derivatives have also demonstrated anti-infective bioactivity activity against herpesvirus, malaria  and leishmaniasis.

Aphios' SuperFluids CFN process was utilized to form betulinic acid nanosomes having a unimodal particle size distribution with a mean diameter of 180 nm ranging from 174 to 186 nm (95% confidence limits). A stock solution of the betulinic acid standard was prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Serial 1:2 or 1:5 dilutions were tested in triplicate in an anti-HIV cytoprotectionassay beginning with 100 µg/ml. A sample of the empty nanosomes was also filtered through a 0.2 µm low protein binding filter and serial 1:2 dilutions were tested in triplicate.



In an in vitro cytoprotection assay, betulinic acid inhibited p24 production by 76% at 20 µg/ml; the EC50 was 6.72 µg/ml or 14.7 µM. The positive control 3TC resulted in 93% inhibition of p24 production at 0.2 µM, as expected. The nanosomal formulation of betulinic acid inhibited p24 production by 73% at 2.3 µg/ml; the EC50 was 1.01 µg/ml or 2.2 µM (based on betulinic acid content). A second assay confirmed these results, showing that betulinic acid nanosomes (CANN-04) inhibit HIV at lower concentrations than betulinic acid alone, and that the empty nanosomes (CANN-05) have a minimal effect on HIV.

Chromatogram map

Phase I/II Evaluation of Topical Betulinic Acid In the Treatment of Dysplastic Nevi with Moderate to Severe Dysplasia

This study is currently recruiting patients.

Sponsored by: University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Surgical Oncology

Information provided by: University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Surgical Oncology

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of an experimental 20% betulinic acid ointment (BA ointment) as a treatment for dysplastic nevi with the potential to transform into melanoma.

Eligibility

Twenty-eight (28) patients with dysplastic nevi with moderate to severe dysplasia will be entered into the Study.
Dysplastic melanocytic nevus (DMN) is a histopathologic term implying a disordered proliferation of melanocytes associated with discontinuous and variable cellular atypia. DMN is graded into mild, moderate, and severe based on standard histological criteria. DMN is considered to be a likely precursor for melanoma, and individuals with DMN often have multiple instances of it scattered over their trunk and extremities. For this study, only DMN where the dysplasia is either moderate or severe will be included.

Inclusion Criteria

1.Age range: 18 years or older
2.Gender: Both male and female
3.Race: All races are eligible for entry into the Study
4.All patients must have been histologically documented (by a punch biopsy) for dysplastic nevi with moderate to severe dysplasia (DMN). A similar biopsy proven DMN that will serve as the control needs to be available.
5.Patients must be healthy and active in normal pursuits of life and be able to provide informed written consent.
6.Localized dermatological conditions like psoriasis or actinic keratosis will not be an exclusion criteria.
7.Patients must be ambulatory with an ECOG status < 2 (see Appendix 3); they will not be hospitalized as part of the Study.
8.All patients in this study will have, in addition to a normal clinical examination, a thorough skin examination. Whenever possible, periodic photographs of their lesions will be taken. Additional tests for all patients within 30 days of the initiation of topical application include urinalysis, a liver function test (LFT), and blood tests for complete blood count (CBC), BUN, and creatinine.

Exclusion Criteria

1.          Women who are pregnant and/or nursing will be excluded. A pregnancy test will be performed on each pre-menopausal woman within two days of entry into the Study, and a negative pregnancy test must be recorded on the case report form prior to initiating use of the topical application.

2.          Patients who are being treated for other chronic debilitating diseases (cardiac, pulmonary, or any other organ specific diseases).

3.          Immuno-suppressed patients, either due to chemotherapy and radiation therapy or known immunodeficiency diseases (e.g., AIDS).

4.          Patients with other active malignancies within the past five years, excluding noninvasive skin or cervical carcinoma.

5.          Patients with any other serious medical or psychiatric illness that would prevent informed consent.

6.          Patients with extensive chronic skin diseases such as extensive psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, or xeroderma pigmentosa will be excluded from the Study.

Clinical Trials

In the Department of Surgical Oncology, we believe that the way to find better methods of treating cancer is to coordinate patient care with laboratory research. This approach has produced innovative clinical studies that have improved patient treatment methods. Our physicians make important discoveries in the war against cancer, analyze the information gathered in their treatment and research activities, and train the health professionals and scientists of tomorrow. One of the most important objectives of the Department is to bring to the patient the observations and advances made in the laboratories.

Our Department has membership in national cooperative clinical trails groups bringing together thousands of oncology specialists to collaborate in clinical research studies. These groups include Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) and American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG). The wealth of knowledge shared by these groups brings to our patients the most advanced treatment options currently available.

Currently active clinical trials include a treatment for dysplastic nevus (the most common precursor of melanoma), a melanoma vaccine for advanced melanoma, and a gene transfer therapy also for advanced melanoma. A vitamin that can be created synthetically was discovered during chemoprevention research studies. Now under FDA review for initiation of a clinical trial, it will initially be used against advanced breast cancer.

Biotransformation of the Antimelanoma Agent Betulinic Acid by ATCC 13368

ABSTRACT

Microbial transformation of the antimelanoma agent betulinic acid was studied. The main objective of this study was to utilize microorganisms as in vitro models to predict and prepare potential mammalian metabolites of this compound.

Preparative-scale biotransformation with resting-cell suspensions of Bacillus megateriumATCC 13368 resulted in the production of four metabolites, which were identified as 3-oxo-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, 3-oxo-11 -hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, 1 -hydroxy-3-oxo-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, and 3 ,7 ,15 -trihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid based on nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectral analyses. In addition, the antimelanoma activities of these metabolites were evaluated with two human melanoma cell lines, Mel-1 (lymph node) and Mel-2 (pleural fluid).

INTRODUCTION

Betulinic acid (compound 1, Fig. 1), 3 -hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, is a pentacyclic lupane type of triterpene that is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Betulinic acid has been shown to exhibit a variety of biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in H9 lymphocyte cells, blockage of HIV type 1 entry into cells, and inhibition of DNA polymerase  . Synthetic derivatives of betulinic acid have also been investigated as specific inhibitors of HIV type 1 .

In addition, betulinic acid has been reported to be a melanoma-specific cytotoxic agent in both in vitro cell culture and in vivo studies. The antitumor activity of this compound is mediated by the induction of apoptosis, as demonstrated by a variety of cellular responses. Due to its high level of antitumor activity and lack of toxicity, betulinic acid is an attractive and promising new lead compound for use against human melanoma and is currently undergoing preclinical development for treatment or prevention of malignant melanoma.



An essential part of the preclinical development of a drug is elucidation of its mammalian metabolism. Since there have been no reports on the mammalian metabolism of betulinic acid, a prospective approach was used to study its metabolism by utilizing microorganisms as in vitro model systems. Fungi, bacteria, and yeasts have been utilized successfully as in vitro models to mimic and predict the metabolic fate of drugs and other xenobiotics in mammalian systems. Studies have shown that many of the mammalian phase I and phase II biotransformation reactions, including hydroxylation, N oxidation, O and N dealkylation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronide and sulfate conjugation reactions, occur in microbial systems as well. The biochemical bases for this parallelism in metabolic reactions lie in the similarity between mammalian and microbial enzyme systems, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and copper oxidases.

These studies, which have been extensively reviewed in the literature, highlighted the potential value of microbial transformations as a powerful tool for mimicking and predicting mammalian biotransformations and for facilitating mammalian metabolism studies of drugs and other xenobiotics. In addition, the attractiveness of microbial systems as predictive models for initial metabolism studies is attributed to the ease of scale-up, which provides quantities of metabolites that would be difficult to obtain from either animals, mammal-derived in vitro systems, or chemical synthesis. Preparative-scale bioconversions using microbial systems produce significant quantities of metabolites for structure elucidation and biological evaluation.

The isolated microbial metabolites, which are either similar or identical to those formed in mammalian systems, can then be used to establish analytical procedures for the identification of mammalian metabolites. Other advantages of using microorganisms as models for drug metabolism studies include the low cost of carrying out microbial transformation studies compared to the cost of animal studies, the ease of experimental design, and a significant reduction in the number of research animals necessary for the evaluation of a drug's metabolic profile.

Microbial cytochrome P450 systems display properties remarkably similar to those of known adrenal mitochondrial and hepatic microsomal systems. Prokaryotic organisms appear to possess monooxygenase systems which are nearly identical to those found in adrenal mitochondria. In contrast, eukaryotic organisms, such as yeasts and fungi, possess monooxygenase systems that are much more similar to those found in mammalian hepatic microsomes. In microorganisms, monooxygenases play an important role in the intermediary metabolism of lipids, sterols, and alkanes and in such processes as nitrogen fixation, O and N dealkylations, and drug hydroxylations. Due to their high similarity to mammalian cytochrome P450 systems, several microbial monooxygenase systems have been studied extensively as models of human and other mammalian P450 systems.

Two of these models are CYP102 (BM-3) and CYPmeg, which are produced by Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581 and ATCC 13368, respectively. CYP102, a barbiturate-inducible cytochrome P450, is a multifunctional enzyme which has been categorized as a class II (microsomal) cytochrome P450 system. In addition, the crystal structure of CYP102 has been utilized to construct templates for homology modeling of human and other mammalian microsomal P450 systems. CYPmeg, on the other hand, is a steroid-15 -monooxygenase which has been investigated as a bacterial model system for mammalian cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylation reactions. These studies, which strongly indicated the potential for B. megaterium to serve as a prokaryotic model for mammalian drug metabolism, constituted the basis for our investigation of the biotransformation of betulinic acid by B. megaterium.

In the present report, we describe the isolation, structural elucidation, and in vitro antimelanoma activity of four metabolites of betulinic acid from resting-cell suspensions of B. megaterium ATCC 13368. The metabolites were identified as 3-oxo-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (compound 2 [= metabolite 2], Fig. 1), 3-oxo-11 -hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (compound 3 [= metabolite 3]), 1 -hydroxy-3-oxo-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (compound 4 [= metabolite 4]), and 3 ,7 ,15 -trihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (compound 5 [= metabolite 5]) based on one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectral analyses.


MATERIALS AND METHODS

General. Melting points were determined in open capillary tubes with a Thomas-Hoover capillary melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Optical rotations were measured with a Perkin-Elmer 241 digital polarimeter. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded in KBr with a Nicolet Impact 400D IR spectrophotometer.

The term in vacuo refers to removal of solvent with a rotary evaporator under a water aspirator vacuum (15 to 30 mm of Hg). Centrifugation was carried out with a Heraeus Megafuge 2.0R centrifuge at 4°C and 2,800 × g. Optical density of the culture medium was measured with a GBC Cintra 20 UV-visible spectrophotometer at 700 nm. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were obtained in C5D5N with a JEOL-Eclipse 400 FT-NMR spectrometer operating at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively.

The chemical shifts are reported in parts per million, and the coupling constants (Jvalues) are reported in hertz. Standard pulse sequences were used for attached proton test, distortionless enhanced polarization transfer (DEPT), long-range 1H-13C shift correlation sequence with three bilinear rotation decoupling pulses, heteronuclear chemical shift correlation, and nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments. High-resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra were obtained with a Mariner Electrospray TOF mass spectrometer (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) at the Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle.

Chromatographic conditions. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analyses were carried out on precoated Silica UV254 plates (E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The adsorbents used for column chromatography were Silica Gel 60 Å (70 to 230 mesh; Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) and lipophilic Sephadex LH-20 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). The solvent system used for TLC was CHCl3-methanol (9:1, vol/vol), and visualization of the spots on TLC plates was performed with anisaldehyde-H2SO4 spray reagent. The spots were visualized by spraying a plate and then heating it at 110°C for 3 min in an oven. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and pyridine (C5H5N) were stored over 4-Å molecular sieves. All solvents were reagent grade quality or better.

Microorganism and media. B. megaterium ATCC 13368 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. All preliminary screening experiments were carried out in a complex medium consisting of 20 g of dextrose, 5 g of yeast extract, 5 g of peptone, 5 g of NaCl, 5 g of K2HPO4, 3 g of beef extract, and 1,000 ml of distilled H2O. Stock cultures of B. megaterium were stored on slants of nutrient agar (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) at 4°C. The 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) used for resting-cell suspensions of B. megaterium consisted of 10.6 g of K2HPO4, 4.08 g of KH2PO4, and 1,000 ml of distilled H2O.

Fermentation procedures. Microbial metabolism studies were carried out by incubating cultures on a Innova 5000 digital tier shaker (New Brunswick Scientific Co., Edison, N.J.) operating at 150 rpm and 25°C. Preliminary screening experiments were carried out in 125-ml foam-plugged culture flasks containing 25 ml of beef extract-enriched complex medium. The medium was sterilized at 121°C and 18 lb/in2 for 15 min. Fermentations were carried out according to a standard two-stage protocol. A B. megaterium stock inoculum was first prepared by suspending the cells from one agar slant in 1 ml of sterile distilled water.

Submerged stage I cultures were then initiated by adding 0.1 ml of the B. megateriumstock inoculum to a 125-ml flask containing 25 ml of complex medium. Following incubation of stage I cultures for 3 days on the shaker, stage II cultures were initiated by inoculating 25 ml of fresh, sterile complex medium with 1 ml of stage I culture broth. Betulinic acid at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml in DMF was added to the 26 ml of incubation medium 1 day after inoculation of stage II cultures.

Cultures were sampled at 24-h intervals by extracting 3 ml of the broth with 3 ml of ethyl acetate. The extracts were concentrated and chromatographed on TLC plates. Substrate controls were composed of sterile medium to which betulinic acid was added and were incubated without the microorganism. Culture controls consisted of fermentation blanks in which B. megaterium was grown under identical conditions without betulinic acid. Substrate-autoclaved culture controls consisted of B. megateriumcultures that were grown for 3 days to maturity, autoclaved for 30 min, and then incubated after the addition of betulinic acid.

Biotransformation of betulinic acid to metabolites 2 to 5. Betulinic acid was obtained from Indofine Chemical Company (Somerville, N.J.). Physical and spectral data for betulinic acid have been reported previously in the literature. A stock inoculum of B. megaterium ATCC 13368 was prepared by suspending the cells from one agar slant in 1 ml of sterile distilled H2O. The 1-ml stock inoculum was distributed equally among 10 stage I 125-ml flasks, each containing 25 ml of beef extract-enriched complex medium.

Stage I cultures were then incubated on the shaker for 72 h at room temperature. The optical density at 700 nm of stage I cultures was recorded daily until a steady absorbance value of 1.4 was obtained. Following 72 h of incubation of stage I cultures, stage II cultures were initiated by inoculating 40 1-liter flasks, each containing 200 ml of fresh, sterile, beef extract-enriched complex medium, with stage I culture broth. Each stage II flask was inoculated with 5 ml of stage I culture broth. The stage II cultures were incubated on the shaker, and the optical density of the medium was monitored. Following a 24-h incubation period, the optical density at 700 nm of the stage II cultures reached 1.4, and the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 2,800 × g and 4°C. The cells were then washed with sterile distilled H2O and suspended in 65 1-liter flasks, each containing 200 ml of sterile 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), at a concentration of 2 g (wet mass) of cells/200 ml of buffer.

Isolation and purification of metabolites 2 to 5.

The yellowish residue (3. 63 g) was first chromatographed on a column (2.5 by 67 cm; 52 g of silica gel) by using 2 liters of CHCl3-methanol (90:10, vol/vol) as the eluent to obtain two fractions, fractions A (0.263 g) and B (62 mg). Fraction A was subjected to repeated silica gel column chromatography (1.8 by 31 cm; 10 g of silica gel) with an ethyl acetate-hexane gradient (0:100 to 15:85, vol/vol; total volume, 1 liter), which yielded fractions A1 (0.16 g) and A2 (25 mg).

Fraction A1 was subjected to purification on a Sephadex LH-20 column (1.8 by 24 cm) with 500 ml of chloroform as the eluent at a flow rate of 5 ml/min, which resulted in homogeneous fractions (Rf 0.78). The homogeneous fractions were combined and evaporated in vacuo to obtain metabolite 2. Crystallization from ethyl acetate-methanol (90:10, vol/vol) produced white needles of metabolite 2 (0.11 g, 4.1% yield). The physical and spectral data for metabolite 2 were consistent with the reported data for betulonic acid

Fraction A2 (25 mg) was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (1.8 by 31 cm; 10 g of silica gel) followed by crystallization from methanol to obtain white needles of metabolite 3 (5.2 mg, 0.19% yield) and fraction A3. Fraction A3 (7 mg) was subjected to a final purification step on a Sephadex LH-20 column (1.8 by 24 cm) with 200 ml of CHCl3 as the eluent, which yielded homogeneous fractions containing metabolite 4 (3.6 mg, 0.13% yield).

Fraction B (62 mg) was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (1.8 by 31 cm; 10 g of silica gel) with an ethyl acetate-hexane gradient (0:100 to 100:0, vol/vol; total volume, 500 ml) followed by an ethyl acetate-methanol gradient (100:0 to 100:10, vol/vol; 500 ml), which yielded homogeneous fractions containing metabolite 5. Purification on a Sephadex LH-20 column (1.8 by 24 cm) with 500 ml of CHCl3 yielded metabolite 5 (15.2 mg, 0.54% yield).

In vitro cytotoxicity assay. The cytotoxicities of compounds 1 to 5 were determined with two cultured human melanoma cell lines, Mel-1 (lymph node) and Mel-2 (pleural fluid). The cells were cultured in appropriate media and under standard conditions as described previously. To maintain logarithmic growth, the media were changed 24 h before the cytotoxicity assays.

On the day of the assay, the cells were harvested by trypsinization, counted, diluted in media, and added to 96-well plates containing test compounds dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in triplicate; the final DMSO concentration was 0.05%.The plates were incubated for 3 days. Following incubation, the cells were fixed with trichloroacetic acid and stained with 0.4% sulforhodamine B in 1% acetic acid. The bound dye was liberated with 0.1 M Tris base, and the A515 was measured with a microtiter plate reader. The growth of the compound-treated cells as judged by the A515 values was compared with the A515 values of a DMSO-treated control. Dose-response studies were performed to generate 50% effective dose (ED50) values (see Table 3).

RESULTS

B. megaterium ATCC 13368 was selected for preparative-scale transformation of betulinic acid due to its ability to reproducibly biotransform this compound. Prior to incubation of betulinic acid with B. megaterium, recovery studies were conducted to ensure that the compound was stable in the aqueous culture medium during incubation and that it and its metabolites could be recovered from the medium. Substrate control experiments, in which betulinic acid was added to either sterile culture medium or sterile phosphate buffer and incubated on the shaker, revealed that the compound is stable and easily recovered from aqueous media by extraction with ethyl acetate, with an average level of recovery of 98%.In addition, substrate-autoclaved culture control studies showed that the B. megaterium culture and its secondary products do not interfere with the stability or recovery of betulinic acid. Furthermore, a comparative study of B. megateriumincubated with betulinic acid and culture controls was carried out to discriminate between the metabolites of betulinic acid and the normal secondary products from B. megateriumwhich may be coextracted. The study confirmed that compounds 2 to 5 were true metabolites of betulinic acid. A preparative-scale biotransformation of betulinic acid with resting-cell suspensions of B. megaterium resulted in yields of compounds 2 to 5 of 4.1, 0.19, 0.13, and 0.54%, respectively. Betulinic acid was also recovered with an 88% yield.

A time course study indicated that metabolite 2 was produced on the third day of incubation, whereas metabolites 3 to 5 were detected on the fifth day. In addition, incubation of B. megaterium with compound 2 resulted in production of metabolites 3 and 4 with yields of 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively.

Structural elucidation of compounds 2 to 5 was based on one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR and high-resolution mass spectral analyses. 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shift assignments for compounds 2 to 5 were based on two-dimensional one-bond (heteronuclear chemical shift correlation; J = 155 Hz) and long-range (two- and three-bond; J = 8 Hz) 1H-13C heteronuclear chemical shift correlation experiments and comparisons to the assignments for betulinic acid which have been reported in the literature.

The multiplicities (CHn) of carbon signals in compounds 2 to 5 were determined based on the one-dimensional attached proton test and DEPT experiments. In these experiments, carbon resonances were sorted on the basis of the number of protons attached to each carbon signal.

The relative stereochemistry at the new sites of hydroxylation in compounds 3 to 5 was established based on two-dimensional NOESY experiments. A NOESY experiment probes all possible 1H-1H polarization transfer interactions through space and provides crucial information regarding the spatial proximity of 1H resonances in molecules with regions having fixed geometry. Mass spectral analyses of compounds 2 to 5 were carried out by utilizing the ESI technique (positive ion). The physical and spectral data for metabolites 3 to 5 (1H-NMR, melting point, optical rotation, mass spectral, and IR data) are listed in Table 1. The 13C-NMR data for compounds 3 to 5 are listed in Table 2. The physical and spectral data for compounds 1 and 2 have previously been reported in the literature. The 13C-NMR assignments for betulinic acid are listed in Table 2 for comparative purposes.

TABLE 1. Physical and spectral data for compounds 3 to 5

Compound

Melting point (°C)

[ ]25D in C5H5N

IR (KBr) max (cm 1)

ESI mass spectrum (m/z)

1H-NMR (C5D5N)  (ppm), J (Hz)a



3

218-220

+41.09° (c0.58 g/100 ml)

3,505; 2,954; 1,701; 1,686

493.3297 [M + Na]+ (C30H46O4Na, 493.3294)

H29 4.69 (s), 4.54 (s); H11 3.88 (dd, J = 4.4, 10.8); H18 3.54-3.30 (m); H12 3.12-3.05 (m); H13 2.81-2.75 (m); H2, 16 2.49-2.44 (m); H2 2.38-2.34 (m); H1 2.25-2.22 (m); H15, 22 2.11-2.09 (m); H12 1.83-1.79 (m); H5, 9, 19, 21 1.70-1.65 (m); Me30 1.60 (s); H1, 16, 22 1.49-1.41 (m); H6, 7 1.30-1.23 (m); H21 1.18-1.14 (m); Me25 1.06 (s); Me23 1.03 (s); Me24 or 27 1.00 (s); Me24 or 27 0.98 (s); Me26 0.97 (s)

4

232-234

+38.63° (c0.23 g/100 ml)

3,433; 2,953; 1,701; 1,684

493.3293 [M + Na]+ (C30H46O4Na, 493.3294)

H29 4.84 (s), 4.78 (s); H1 4.09-4.06 (m); H18 3.42-3.40 (m); H2 3.12-3.09 (m); H13 2.73-2.70 (m); H2, 16 2.60-2.56 (m); H21, 22 2.20-2.10 (m); H12 1.94-1.85 (m); H9, 19 1.77-1.72 (m); Me30 1.69 (s); H5, 7, 15, 16, 21, 22 1.48-1.32 (m); Me25 1.30 (s); H6, 11, 12 1.26-1.20 (m); Me23 1.09 (s), Me24, 26 or 27 1.03 (s); Me24, 26 or 27 0.97 (s); Me24, 26 or 27 0.85 (s)

5

308-310

38.09° (c0.21 g/100 ml)

3,436; 2,944; 1,690

511.3396 [M + Na]+ (C30H48O5Na, 511.3399)

H29 4.94 (s), 4.78 (s); H15 4.67 (dd, J = 4.4, 10.8); H7 4.19 (dd, J = 4.4, 10.4); H3, 18 3.52-3.37 (m); H16 3.14 (dd, J = 4.4, 12.3); H13 2.68-2.65 (m); H6 2.37-2.27 (m); H22 2.24-2.20 (m); H2 2.10-2.06 (m); H12, 16 1.97-1.91 (m); H2, 19, 21 1.86-1.81 (m); Me30 1.81 (s); H1, 22 1.68-1.61 (m); H6, 11 1.54-1.51 (m); H9, 12 1.41-1.32 (m); Me26 or 27 1.25 (s); Me26 or 27 1.24 (s); Me23 1.10 (s); Me24 0.89 (s); H5 0.89-0.87 (m); Me25 0.77 (s)

a Abbreviations for NMR signals are as follows: s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br, broad.


TABLE 2. 13C-NMR chemical shift assignments for betulinic acid and compounds 3 to 5 in C5D5N

Carbon

Chemical shift assignments

Betulinic acid

Compound 3

Compound 4

Compound 5

1

39.1 (2)a

37.8 (2)

79.4 (1)

38.9 (2)

2

28.1 (2)

34.4 (2)

46.1 (2)

28.0 (2)

3

78.1 (1)

217.9 (0)

215.7 (0)

77.5 (1)

4

39.4 (0)

47.4 (0)

47.1 (0)

38.6 (0)

5

55.7 (1)

55.1 (1)

51.4 (1)

52.3 (1)

6

18.6 (2)

19.7 (2)

19.7 (2)

31.2 (2)

7

34.7 (2)

34.5 (2)

33.5 (2)

72.5 (1)

8

40.9 (0)

42.4 (0)

41.3 (0)

48.0 (0)

9

50.8 (1)

55.3 (1)

51.2 (1)

50.8 (1)

10

37.3 (0)

38.4 (0)

43.2 (0)

37.1 (0)

11

21.1 (2)

69.4 (1)

23.4 (2)

20.7 (2)

12

25.9 (2)

42.3 (2)

26.2 (2)

25.7 (2)

13

38.4 (1)

37.3 (1)

38.7 (1)

37.1 (1)

14

42.4 (0)

42.4 (0)

42.9 (0)

48.8 (0)

15

31.1 (2)

31.1 (2)

31.1 (2)

68.5 (1)

16

32.7 (2)

32.6 (2)

32.6 (2)

42.1 (2)

17

56.3 (0)

56.4 (0)

56.6 (0)

54.7 (0)

18

47.6 (1)

47.1 (1)

47.5 (1)

47.3 (1)

19

49.5 (1)

49.1 (1)

49.7 (1)

49.3 (1)

20

150.7 (0)

150.7 (0)

150.6 (0)

150.6 (0)

21

30.1 (2)

29.9 (2)

30.2 (2)

27.8 (2)

22

37.5 (2)

37.1 (2)

37.4 (2)

37.6 (2)

23

28.5 (3)

27.3 (3)

27.8 (3)

28.4 (3)

24

16.3 (3)b

21.1 (3)

20.3 (3)

15.7 (3)b

25

16.3 (3)b

16.5 (3)b

12.2 (3)

15.4 (3)b

26

16.2 (3)b

16.9 (3)b

16.3 (3)

11.1 (3)c

27

14.8 (3)

14.5 (3)

14.6 (3)

8.7 (3)c

28

178.7 (0)

178.6 (0)

179.1 (0)

178.6 (0)

29

110.3 (2)

110.2 (2)

109.9 (2)

109.3 (2)

30

19.4 (3)

19.3 (3)

19.3 (3)

19.1 (3)


Metabolite 2 was isolated as the major biotransformation product of betulinic acid in resting-cell suspensions of B. megaterium ATCC 13368. The physical and spectral (13C- and 1H-NMR) data for metabolite 2 were in agreement with the previously reported data for betulonic acid. Betulonic acid (metabolite 2) is an intermediate in the synthesis of betulinic acid from betulin and has previously been isolated from a medicinal herb. The IR spectrum of metabolite 3 revealed absorption at 3,436 cm 1 (OH), 1,701 cm 1 (ketone), and 1,683 cm 1 (carboxylic acid). The high-resolution ESI mass spectrum of metabolite 3 showed an [M + Na]+ ion at m/z 493.3297. Similar to the 13C-NMR spectrum of metabolite 2, the 13C-NMR spectrum of metabolite 3 showed the presence of a new signal at 217.9 ppm and the disappearance of the signal at 78.1 ppm, which was assigned to C-3 in betulinic acid, indicating that the 3-hydroxyl group in betulinic acid was oxidized to a ketone in metabolite 3. In addition, the 1H-NMR spectrum of metabolite 3 exhibited a new proton signal at 3.88 ppm (1H, dt, J = 4.4, 10.8 Hz). Furthermore, the DEPT spectra of metabolite 3 showed the presence of a new CH signal at 69.4 ppm and the disappearance of a CH2 signal, which confirmed that metabolite 3 was a hydroxylated metabolite of betulinic acid. The new CH signal at 69.4 ppm in the metabolite 3 spectrum was assigned to C-11 based on one-bond and long-range 1H-13C correlation experiments. In these experiments, a one-bond correlation was observed between C-11 and the new proton signal at 3.88 ppm, which was assigned to H-11 based on NOESY data. A two-bond correlation between C-11 and H-9 was also observed.

The relative stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group at C-11 in metabolite 3 was established as alpha (equatorial) based on NOESY experiments. The NOESY spectrum of metabolite 3 revealed enhancements between H-11 and protons H-1equa, CH3-25, and CH3-26, indicating that H-11 must be beta (axial), as shown in Fig. 1. Based on all the evidence, metabolite 3 was identified as 3-oxo-11 -hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid.

The high-resolution mass spectrum of metabolite 4 showed an [M + Na]+ ion at m/z493.3294. The IR spectrum of metabolite 4 revealed absorption at 3,430 cm 1 (OH), 1,701 cm 1 (ketone), and 1,690 cm 1 (carboxylic acid). Similar to the 13C-NMR spectra of metabolites 2 and 3, the 13C-NMR spectrum of metabolite 4 showed the presence of a new signal at 215.7 ppm and the disappearance of the signal at 78.1 ppm, which was assigned to C-3 in betulinic acid, indicating the presence of a ketone at C-3 in metabolite 4. In addition, the DEPT spectra of metabolite 4 showed the presence of a new CH signal at 79.4 ppm and the disappearance of a CH2 signal. The new CH signal at 79.4 ppm was assigned to C-1 based on 1H-13C correlation experiments. A one-bond correlation was observed between C-1 and the new proton signal at 4.09 to 4.06 ppm, which was assigned to H-1 based on NOESY data.

The relative stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group at C-1 in metabolite 4 was established as beta (equatorial) based on NOESY measurements. The NOESY spectrum of metabolite 4 revealed enhancements between H-1 and H-2equa, H-5, and H-9, confirming that the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group at C-1 is beta (equatorial), as shown in Fig. 1. Based on all these observations, metabolite 4 was identified as 1 -hydroxy-3-oxo-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid.

The high-resolution mass spectrum of metabolite 5 showed an [M + Na]+ ion at m/z511.3396, indicating that two oxygen atoms were added to the structure of betulinic acid. Compared to the 1H-NMR spectrum of betulinic acid, the 1H-NMR spectrum of metabolite 5 exhibited two new proton signals at 4.67 ppm (1H, dd, J = 4.4, 10.8 Hz) and 4.19 ppm (1H, dd, J = 4.4, 10.4 Hz). In addition, the DEPT spectra of metabolite 5 revealed the presence of two new CH signals at 68.5 and 72.5 ppm and the disappearance of two CH2 signals, confirming that metabolite 5 was a dihydroxylated metabolite of betulinic acid. The new carbon signals at 72.5 and 68.5 ppm in metabolite 5 were assigned to C-7 and C-15, respectively, based on one-bond and long-range (two- and three-bond)1H-13C correlation experiments. In these experiments, a one-bond correlation was observed between C-7 and the new proton signal at 4.19 ppm, which was assigned to H-7 based on NOESY measurements. Two- and three-bond correlations were also observed between C-7 and protons H-9, CH3-26, and H-6. In addition, the new proton signal at 4.67 ppm, which was assigned to H-15 based on NOESY data, showed a one-bond correlation with C-15. Furthermore, two- and three-bond correlations were observed between C-15 and protons H-13, CH3-27, and H-16.

The relative stereochemistries of the hydroxyl groups at C-7 and C-15 in metabolite 5 were established as beta (equatorial) and alpha (equatorial), respectively, based on NOESY data. The NOESY spectrum of metabolite 5 showed enhancements between H-7 and protons H-5, H-9, and CH3-27, indicating that H-7 must be alpha (axial). In addition, enhancements were observed between H-15 and protons H-13, H-16equa, and CH3-26, confirming that H-15 is axial (beta). Based on all the evidence, metabolite 5 was identified as 3 ,7 ,15 -trihydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, as shown in fig5.

The in vitro cytotoxicities of betulinic acid and metabolites 2 to 5 were evaluated with two human melanoma cell lines, Mel-1 (lymph node) and Mel-2 (pleural fluid). The ED50s of betulinic acid and metabolites 2 to 5 for Mel-1 and Mel-2 are listed in Table 3. Compared to betulinic acid, metabolites 3 to 5 showed no activity against Mel-1. In addition, metabolite 5 was not active against Mel-2. Metabolites 2 to 4 were, however, more active than the parent compound (betulinic acid) against Mel-2. Furthermore, metabolite 2 was less active than betulinic acid against Mel-1.

The cytotoxicity results indicate that the in vitro antimelanoma activity of betulinic acid is significantly affected by oxidation at different sites of the molecule. These results also demonstrate that the structural requirements for cytotoxicity in betulinic acid and its metabolites differ depending on the type of melanoma cell line used.

TABLE 3. Cytotoxicities of betulinic acid and compounds 2 to 5


Compound

ED50s for human melanoma cell lines (µg/ml)


Mel-1

Mel-2

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